Open Source Cook

sudo make dinner.

Ingredient Substitutions

2009-02-16 Jackie

There was a time when I was always looking for ingredient substitutions – I didn’t always have the right ingredient in my pantry and was looking for what I else I could use. Well, over time, I ended up gathering together quite a list and I wanted to share it. I’m still adding to this as I find new substitutions, so if there’s one that should be added, leave a comment and I’ll add it in.

<th width="15%">
  <p align="center">
    <strong>Amount</strong>
  </p>
</th>

<th width="58%">
  <strong>Substitute</strong>
</th>
<td width="15%">
  <p align="center">
    any amount
  </p>
</td>

<td width="58%">
  Flavored liqueurs, extracts can be substituted if you make up the balance of the liquid with water. I.e. 2 tbsp = 1/2 tsp of orange extract; It is important to keep the volume of liquid in the recipe the same as originally called for.
</td>
<td width="15%">
  <p align="center">
    1 tsp
  </p>
</td>

<td width="58%">
  1/2 tsp cinnamon + 1/2 tsp ground cloves
</td>
<td width="15%">
  <p align="center">
    1-1/3 cups
  </p>
</td>

<td width="58%">
  1-3/4 cups ground blanched almonds + 1-1/2 cups powdered sugar + 1 egg white + 1 tsp almond extract + 1/4 tsp salt
</td>
<td width="15%">
  <p align="center">
    1 lb
  </p>
</td>

<td width="58%">
  3/4 to 1 cup shelled
</td>
<td width="15%">
  <p align="center">
    3/4 tsp
  </p>
</td>

<td width="58%">
  1 tsp baking soda
</td>
<td width="15%">
  <p align="center">
    1 tsp
  </p>
</td>

<td width="58%">
  Mix 1/2 tsp ground cinnamon, 1/4 tsp ground ginger, 1/8 tsp ground allspice and 1/8 tsp ground nutmeg
</td>
<td width="15%">
  <p align="center">
    1 tbsp
  </p>
</td>

<td width="58%">
  1 tbsp cornstarch, potato starch or rice starch -OR- 2 tbsp all purpose flour
</td>
<td width="15%">
  <p align="center">
    2 cups
  </p>
</td>

<td width="58%">
  Mix 1-3/4 cups all-purpose flour, 2-1/2 tsp baking powder and 3/4 tsp salt. Cut in 1/3 cup shortening until mixture looks like fine crumbs
</td>
<td width="15%">
  <p align="center">
    1 tsp
  </p>
</td>

<td width="58%">
  1 tsp baking soda + 1/2 tsp cream of tartar
</td>
<td width="15%">
  <p align="center">
    </td> 
    
    <td width="58%">
      There is NO substitute for baking soda
    </td></tr> 
    
    <tr valign="top">
      <td width="27%">
        Balsamic vinegar
      </td>
      
      <td width="15%">
        <p align="center">
          1 tbsp
        </p>
      </td>
      
      <td width="58%">
        1 tbsp sherry or cider vinegar
      </td>
    </tr>
    
    <tr valign="top">
      <td width="27%">
        Bay leaf
      </td>
      
      <td width="15%">
        <p align="center">
          1 whole
        </p>
      </td>
      
      <td width="58%">
        1/4 tsp crushed
      </td>
    </tr>
    
    <tr valign="top">
      <td width="27%">
        Breadcrumbs – dry
      </td>
      
      <td width="15%">
        <p align="center">
          1/4 cup
        </p>
      </td>
      
      <td width="58%">
        1/4 cup finely crushed cracker crumbs, corn flakes, or quick-cooking or old-fashioned oats
      </td>
    </tr>
    
    <tr valign="top">
      <td width="27%">
        Broth – chicken, beef, or vegetable
      </td>
      
      <td width="15%">
        <p align="center">
          1 cup
        </p>
      </td>
      
      <td width="58%">
        1 tsp (or 1 cube) chicken, beef or vegetable bouillon granules dissolved in 1 cup boiling water
      </td>
    </tr>
    
    <tr valign="top">
      <td width="27%">
        Butter
      </td>
      
      <td width="15%">
        <p align="center">
          1 cup
        </p>
      </td>
      
      <td width="58%">
        1 cup margarine -OR- 7/8 cup shortening and 1/2 tsp salt
      </td>
    </tr>
    
    <tr valign="top">
      <td width="27%">
        Buttermilk
      </td>
      
      <td width="15%">
        <p align="center">
          1 cup
        </p>
      </td>
      
      <td width="58%">
        1 tbsp lemon juice or white vinegar + enough milk to make 1 cup -OR- 1 tbsp vinegar + sweet milk to make 1 cup -OR- 2/3 cup plain yogurt + 1/3 cup sweet milk
      </td>
    </tr>
    
    <tr valign="top">
      <td width="27%">
        Capers
      </td>
      
      <td width="15%">
        <p align="center">
          1 tbsp
        </p>
      </td>
      
      <td width="58%">
        1 tbsp chopped green olives
      </td>
    </tr>
    
    <tr valign="top">
      <td width="27%">
        Carob
      </td>
      
      <td width="15%">
        <p align="center">
          3 tbsp
        </p>
      </td>
      
      <td width="58%">
        3 tbsp cocoa and 1 tbsp shortening
      </td>
    </tr>
    
    <tr valign="top">
      <td width="27%">
        Carob Powder
      </td>
      
      <td width="15%">
        <p align="center">
          1 tbsp
        </p>
      </td>
      
      <td width="58%">
        1 tbsp cocoa powder (either natural or Dutch-processed)
      </td>
    </tr>
    
    <tr valign="top">
      <td width="27%">
        Chili Sauce
      </td>
      
      <td width="15%">
        <p align="center">
          1 cup
        </p>
      </td>
      
      <td width="58%">
        1 cup tomato sauce, 1/4 cup brown sugar, 2 tbsp vinegar, 1/4 tsp cinnamon, dash of ground cloves and dash of allspice
      </td>
    </tr>
    
    <tr valign="top">
      <td width="27%">
        Chives (finely chopped)
      </td>
      
      <td width="15%">
        <p align="center">
          2 tsp
        </p>
      </td>
      
      <td width="58%">
        2 tsp green onion tops finely chopped
      </td>
    </tr>
    
    <tr valign="top">
      <td width="27%">
        Chocolate – semi-sweet
      </td>
      
      <td width="15%">
        <p align="center">
          1 square (1oz)
        </p>
      </td>
      
      <td width="58%">
        3 tbsp chocolate chips -OR- 1 square (1oz) unsweetened chocolate + 1 tbsp sugar
      </td>
    </tr>
    
    <tr valign="top">
      <td width="27%">
        Chocolate – sweet baking (German)
      </td>
      
      <td width="15%">
        <p align="center">
          4oz
        </p>
      </td>
      
      <td width="58%">
        1/4 cup unsweetened cocoa powder + 1/3 cup sugar
      </td>
    </tr>
    
    <tr valign="top">
      <td width="27%">
        Chocolate – unsweetened
      </td>
      
      <td width="15%">
        <p align="center">
          1oz
        </p>
      </td>
      
      <td width="58%">
        3 tbsp cocoa + 1 tbsp butter or regular margarine or vegetable oil
      </td>
    </tr>
    
    <tr valign="top">
      <td width="27%">
        Chocolate chips – semi-sweet
      </td>
      
      <td width="15%">
        <p align="center">
          1oz
        </p>
      </td>
      
      <td width="58%">
        1oz sweet cooking chocolate chopped
      </td>
    </tr>
    
    <tr valign="top">
      <td width="27%">
        Chocolate chips – semi-sweet, melted
      </td>
      
      <td width="15%">
        <p align="center">
          6oz pkg
        </p>
      </td>
      
      <td width="58%">
        2 squares unsweetened chocolate, 2 tbsp shortening and 1/2 cup sugar
      </td>
    </tr>
    
    <tr valign="top">
      <td width="27%">
        Cocoa
      </td>
      
      <td width="15%">
        <p align="center">
          1/4 cup or 4 tbsp
        </p>
      </td>
      
      <td width="58%">
        1oz chocolate (decrease fat in recipe by 1/2 tbsp)
      </td>
    </tr>
    
    <tr valign="top">
      <td width="27%">
        Coffee
      </td>
      
      <td width="15%">
        <p align="center">
          1/2 cup strong brewed
        </p>
      </td>
      
      <td width="58%">
        1/2 cup hot water and 1 tsp instant coffee granules
      </td>
    </tr>
    
    <tr valign="top">
      <td width="27%">
        Corn syrup – dark
      </td>
      
      <td width="15%">
        <p align="center">
          1 cup
        </p>
      </td>
      
      <td width="58%">
        1 cup light corn syrup -OR- 3/4 cup light corn syrup + 1/4 cup molasses -OR- 1 cup maple-flavored syrup
      </td>
    </tr>
    
    <tr valign="top">
      <td width="27%">
        Corn syrup – light
      </td>
      
      <td width="15%">
        <p align="center">
          1 cup
        </p>
      </td>
      
      <td width="58%">
        1 cups sugar + 1/4 cups water
      </td>
    </tr>
    
    <tr valign="top">
      <td width="27%">
        Cornstarch
      </td>
      
      <td width="15%">
        <p align="center">
          1 tbsp
        </p>
      </td>
      
      <td width="58%">
        2 tbsp all-purpose flour
      </td>
    </tr>
    
    <tr valign="top">
      <td width="27%">
        Cream – clotted
      </td>
      
      <td width="15%">
        <p align="center">
          1 cup
        </p>
      </td>
      
      <td width="58%">
        1 cup crème fraîche -OR- 1 cup mascarpone cheese -OR- 1 cup heavy whipping cream (35%), whipped
      </td>
    </tr>
    
    <tr valign="top">
      <td width="27%">
        Cream – coconut
      </td>
      
      <td width="15%">
        <p align="center">
          1 cup
        </p>
      </td>
      
      <td width="58%">
        1 cup whipping cream1 cup canned coconut cream -OR- 1 cup top layer of canned coconut milk (not low fat) (do not shake or stir can before skimming) -OR- 1 cup heavy whipping cream (35%) + 1/2 cup coconut cream powder
      </td>
    </tr>
    
    <tr valign="top">
      <td width="27%">
        Cream – coffee cream (20% fat)
      </td>
      
      <td width="15%">
        <p align="center">
          1 cup
        </p>
      </td>
      
      <td width="58%">
        3 tbsp butter + 7/8 cup milk
      </td>
    </tr>
    
    <tr valign="top">
      <td width="27%">
        Cream – crème fraîche
      </td>
      
      <td width="15%">
        <p align="center">
          1 cup
        </p>
      </td>
      
      <td width="58%">
        1 cup sour cream -OR- 1 cup whipping cream + 1 tbsp buttermilk or yogurt -OR- ½ cup whipping cream + 1/2 cup sour cream -OR- 1 cup mascarpone cheese
      </td>
    </tr>
    
    <tr valign="top">
      <td width="27%">
        Cream – heavy
      </td>
      
      <td width="15%">
        <p align="center">
          1 cup
        </p>
      </td>
      
      <td width="58%">
        3/4 cup milk and 1/3 cup butter or margarine (only for use in cooking and baking)
      </td>
    </tr>
    
    <tr valign="top">
      <td width="27%">
        Cream – light
      </td>
      
      <td width="15%">
        <p align="center">
          1 cup
        </p>
      </td>
      
      <td width="58%">
        3/4 cup milk and 3 tbsp butter or margarine (only for use in cooking and baking) -OR- 1 cup evaporated milk
      </td>
    </tr>
    
    <tr valign="top">
      <td width="27%">
        Cream – whipping (40% fat)
      </td>
      
      <td width="15%">
        <p align="center">
          1 cup
        </p>
      </td>
      
      <td width="58%">
        1/3 cup butter + 3/4 cup milk
      </td>
    </tr>
    
    <tr valign="top">
      <td width="27%">
        Cream – whipping (unwhipped)
      </td>
      
      <td width="15%">
        <p align="center">
          1 cup
        </p>
      </td>
      
      <td width="58%">
        1 cup UNWHIPPED whipping cream expands to 2 cups when WHIPPED &#8212; I.e., if your recipe called for 1 cup of cream to make whipped cream, you could substitute 2 cups of an already whipped product
      </td>
    </tr>
    
    <tr valign="top">
      <td width="27%">
        Cream – whipping (whipped)
      </td>
      
      <td width="15%">
        <p align="center">
          1 cup
        </p>
      </td>
      
      <td width="58%">
        1 cup frozen (thawed) whipped topping -OR- 1 cup prepared whipped topping mix
      </td>
    </tr>
    
    <tr valign="top">
      <td width="27%">
        Cream of Tartar
      </td>
      
      <td width="15%">
        <p align="center">
          1/2 tsp
        </p>
      </td>
      
      <td width="58%">
        1/2 tsp white vinegar or lemon juice
      </td>
    </tr>
    
    <tr valign="top">
      <td width="27%">
        Currants
      </td>
      
      <td width="15%">
        <p align="center">
          1 cup
        </p>
      </td>
      
      <td width="58%">
        1 cup raisins -OR- 1 cup chopped dates -OR- 1 cup other dried fruit (cranberries, cherries, blueberries)
      </td>
    </tr>
    
    <tr valign="top">
      <td width="27%">
        Currant Jelly
      </td>
      
      <td width="15%">
        <p align="center">
          </td> 
          
          <td width="58%">
            rape jelly -OR- 3 parts apple jelly plus 1 part lemon juice -OR- muscadine jelly
          </td></tr> 
          
          <tr valign="top">
            <td width="27%">
              Egg white
            </td>
            
            <td width="15%">
              <p align="center">
                1 white
              </p>
            </td>
            
            <td width="58%">
              2 tsp sifted dry egg white powder with 2 tbsp water
            </td>
          </tr>
          
          <tr valign="top">
            <td width="27%">
              Eggs
            </td>
            
            <td width="15%">
              <p align="center">
                1 large
              </p>
            </td>
            
            <td width="58%">
              2 egg whites -OR- 1/4 cup egg product -OR- 2 egg yolks + 1 tbsp water (for cookies and bars)
            </td>
          </tr>
          
          <tr valign="top">
            <td width="27%">
              Flour &#8211; wheat
            </td>
            
            <td width="15%">
              <p align="center">
                1 cup
              </p>
            </td>
            
            <td width="58%">
              7/8 cup all purpose flour + 2 tbsp wheat germ -OR- 1 cup graham flour
            </td>
          </tr>
          
          <tr valign="top">
            <td width="27%">
              Flour – all purpose
            </td>
            
            <td width="15%">
              <p align="center">
                1 cup sifted
              </p>
            </td>
            
            <td width="58%">
              1 cup and 2 tbsp cake flour -OR- 1 cup minus 2 tbsp unsifted all-purpose flour -OR- 1 cup rice flour
            </td>
          </tr>
          
          <tr valign="top">
            <td width="27%">
              Flour – cake
            </td>
            
            <td width="15%">
              <p align="center">
                1 cup
              </p>
            </td>
            
            <td width="58%">
              3/4 cup all purpose flour + 2 tbsp cornstarch
            </td>
          </tr>
          
          <tr valign="top">
            <td width="27%">
              Flour – self rising
            </td>
            
            <td width="15%">
              <p align="center">
                1 cup
              </p>
            </td>
            
            <td width="58%">
              1 cup minus 2 tsp all purpose flour + 1-1/2 tsp baking powder + 1/4 tsp salt
            </td>
          </tr>
          
          <tr valign="top">
            <td width="27%">
              Garlic (finely chopped)
            </td>
            
            <td width="15%">
              <p align="center">
                1 medium clove
              </p>
            </td>
            
            <td width="58%">
              1/8 tsp garlic powder -OR- 1/4 tsp instant minced garlic
            </td>
          </tr>
          
          <tr valign="top">
            <td width="27%">
              Ginger root (grated or finely chopped)
            </td>
            
            <td width="15%">
              <p align="center">
                1 tsp
              </p>
            </td>
            
            <td width="58%">
              3/4 tsp ground ginger
            </td>
          </tr>
          
          <tr valign="top">
            <td width="27%">
              Herbs – fresh
            </td>
            
            <td width="15%">
              <p align="center">
                1 tbsp
              </p>
            </td>
            
            <td width="58%">
              1 tsp dried herbs
            </td>
          </tr>
          
          <tr valign="top">
            <td width="27%">
              Honey
            </td>
            
            <td width="15%">
              <p align="center">
                1 cup
              </p>
            </td>
            
            <td width="58%">
              1-1/4 cups sugar + 1/4 cup water or apple juice
            </td>
          </tr>
          
          <tr valign="top">
            <td width="27%">
              Italian seasonings
            </td>
            
            <td width="15%">
              <p align="center">
                1-1/2 tsp
              </p>
            </td>
            
            <td width="58%">
              1/4 tsp each dried marjoram, oregano + basil plues 1/8 tsp sage
            </td>
          </tr>
          
          <tr valign="top">
            <td width="27%">
              Ketchup (for cooking)
            </td>
            
            <td width="15%">
              <p align="center">
                1 cup
              </p>
            </td>
            
            <td width="58%">
              1 cup tomato sauce, 1/2 cup sugar and 2 tbsp vinegar
            </td>
          </tr>
          
          <tr valign="top">
            <td width="27%">
              Leeks (sliced)
            </td>
            
            <td width="15%">
              <p align="center">
                1/2 cup
              </p>
            </td>
            
            <td width="58%">
              1/2 cup sliced shallots or green onions
            </td>
          </tr>
          
          <tr valign="top">
            <td width="27%">
              Lemon
            </td>
            
            <td width="15%">
              <p align="center">
                1 piece
              </p>
            </td>
            
            <td width="58%">
              3 tbsp lemon juice -OR- 1 tsp grated peel
            </td>
          </tr>
          
          <tr valign="top">
            <td width="27%">
              Lemon – zest
            </td>
            
            <td width="15%">
              <p align="center">
                1 tsp
              </p>
            </td>
            
            <td width="58%">
              1-2 tsp fresh grated lemon peel -OR- 1/2 tsp lemon extract
            </td>
          </tr>
          
          <tr valign="top">
            <td width="27%">
              Lemon juice (fresh)
            </td>
            
            <td width="15%">
              <p align="center">
                1 tbsp
              </p>
            </td>
            
            <td width="58%">
              1 tbsp bottled lemon juice or white vinegar
            </td>
          </tr>
          
          <tr valign="top">
            <td width="27%">
              Lime – zest
            </td>
            
            <td width="15%">
              <p align="center">
                1 tsp
              </p>
            </td>
            
            <td width="58%">
              1 tsp lemon or orange
            </td>
          </tr>
          
          <tr valign="top">
            <td width="27%">
              Lime juice, freshly squeezed
            </td>
            
            <td width="15%">
              <p align="center">
                1 tbsp
              </p>
            </td>
            
            <td width="58%">
              1 tbsp lemon or orange juice
            </td>
          </tr>
          
          <tr valign="top">
            <td width="27%">
              Maple syrup
            </td>
            
            <td width="15%">
              <p align="center">
                1 cup
              </p>
            </td>
            
            <td width="58%">
              1 cup honey -OR- 3/4 cup corn syrup + 1/4 cup butter + 1/2 tsp maple extract (optional)
            </td>
          </tr>
          
          <tr valign="top">
            <td width="27%">
              Marshmallows, Miniature
            </td>
            
            <td width="15%">
              <p align="center">
                1 cup
              </p>
            </td>
            
            <td width="58%">
              10 large marshmallows
            </td>
          </tr>
          
          <tr valign="top">
            <td width="27%">
              Marzipan
            </td>
            
            <td width="15%">
              <p align="center">
                2-1/2 cups
              </p>
            </td>
            
            <td width="58%">
              2 cups almond paste + 1 cup powdered sugar + 2 tbsp light corn syrup
            </td>
          </tr>
          
          <tr valign="top">
            <td width="27%">
              Mascarpone cheese
            </td>
            
            <td width="15%">
              <p align="center">
                1 cup
              </p>
            </td>
            
            <td width="58%">
              1 cup Crème fraîche -OR- 3/4 cup cream cheese beaten with 1/4 cup heavy whipping cream (35%)
            </td>
          </tr>
          
          <tr valign="top">
            <td width="27%">
              Mayonnaise
            </td>
            
            <td width="15%">
              <p align="center">
                1 cup
              </p>
            </td>
            
            <td width="58%">
              1 cup sour cream -OR- 1 cup yogurt &#8212; For use in salads and salad dressings
            </td>
          </tr>
          
          <tr valign="top">
            <td width="27%">
              Milk – buttermilk or sour
            </td>
            
            <td width="15%">
              <p align="center">
                1 cup
              </p>
            </td>
            
            <td width="58%">
              1 cup plain yogurt -OR- 1 cup whole milk and 1 tbsp lemon juice
            </td>
          </tr>
          
          <tr valign="top">
            <td width="27%">
              Milk – coconut
            </td>
            
            <td width="15%">
              <p align="center">
                1 cup
              </p>
            </td>
            
            <td width="58%">
              1 cup canned coconut milk (not low fat) -OR- 3 tbsp canned cream of coconut + enough hot water or milk to equal 1 cup -OR- 1/4 cup coconut cream powder + 1 cup hot water or milk
            </td>
          </tr>
          
          <tr valign="top">
            <td width="27%">
              Milk – evaporated
            </td>
            
            <td width="15%">
              <p align="center">
                1 cup
              </p>
            </td>
            
            <td width="58%">
              1 cup half & half (10-12%) -OR- 1 cup light or table cream (20%) -OR- 1 cup light (30%) or heavy whipping cream (35%)
            </td>
          </tr>
          
          <tr valign="top">
            <td width="27%">
              Milk – nut
            </td>
            
            <td width="15%">
              <p align="center">
                1 cup
              </p>
            </td>
            
            <td width="58%">
              1 cup cow&#8217;s milk
            </td>
          </tr>
          
          <tr valign="top">
            <td width="27%">
              Milk – regular or low-fat
            </td>
            
            <td width="15%">
              <p align="center">
                1 cup
              </p>
            </td>
            
            <td width="58%">
              1/2 cup evaporated milk + 1/2 cup water -OR- nonfat dry milk prepared as directed on package
            </td>
          </tr>
          
          <tr valign="top">
            <td width="27%">
              Milk – rice
            </td>
            
            <td width="15%">
              <p align="center">
                1 cup
              </p>
            </td>
            
            <td width="58%">
              1 cup cow&#8217;s milk
            </td>
          </tr>
          
          <tr valign="top">
            <td width="27%">
              Milk – soy
            </td>
            
            <td width="15%">
              <p align="center">
                1 cup
              </p>
            </td>
            
            <td width="58%">
              1 cup cow&#8217;s milk
            </td>
          </tr>
          
          <tr valign="top">
            <td width="27%">
              Milk – sweetened condensed
            </td>
            
            <td width="15%">
              <p align="center">
                1 can
              </p>
            </td>
            
            <td width="58%">
              Heat and stir 1/3 cup and 2 tbsp evaporated milk, 1 cup sugar and 3 tbsp butter until sugar has dissolved.
            </td>
          </tr>
          
          <tr valign="top">
            <td width="27%">
              Molasses
            </td>
            
            <td width="15%">
              <p align="center">
                1 cup
              </p>
            </td>
            
            <td width="58%">
              1/2 to 1 cup honey (flavor will be milder) -OR- 1 cup dark corn syrup -OR- 1 cup maple syrup -OR- 3/4 cup light or dark brown sugar heated to dissolve in 1/4 cup liquid
            </td>
          </tr>
          
          <tr valign="top">
            <td width="27%">
              Mushrooms (fresh)
            </td>
            
            <td width="15%">
              <p align="center">
                1 cup cooked, sliced
              </p>
            </td>
            
            <td width="58%">
              1 (4oz) can mushroom stems and pieces, drained
            </td>
          </tr>
          
          <tr valign="top">
            <td width="27%">
              Mustard – ground
            </td>
            
            <td width="15%">
              <p align="center">
                1 tsp
              </p>
            </td>
            
            <td width="58%">
              1 tbsp prepared mustard
            </td>
          </tr>
          
          <tr valign="top">
            <td width="27%">
              Oil
            </td>
            
            <td width="15%">
              <p align="center">
                1 cup
              </p>
            </td>
            
            <td width="58%">
              1 cup applesauce; for cake and cookie recipes
            </td>
          </tr>
          
          <tr valign="top">
            <td width="27%">
              Onion
            </td>
            
            <td width="15%">
              <p align="center">
                1 small or 1/4 cup chopped, fresh onion
              </p>
            </td>
            
            <td width="58%">
              1 tbsp instant minced onion &#8212; Dried onion may be added directly to moist foods such as soups, gravies, sauces and salad dressings. You may need to rehydrate it with a little water before adding it to drier food
            </td>
          </tr>
          
          <tr valign="top">
            <td width="27%">
              Orange
            </td>
            
            <td width="15%">
              <p align="center">
                1 piece
              </p>
            </td>
            
            <td width="58%">
              1/3 cup juice -OR- 2 tsp grated peel
            </td>
          </tr>
          
          <tr valign="top">
            <td width="27%">
              Orange – zest (grated)
            </td>
            
            <td width="15%">
              <p align="center">
                1 tsp
              </p>
            </td>
            
            <td width="58%">
              1 tsp dried orange peel -OR- 1 tsp lemon or lime zest -OR- 1 tsp finely chopped candied orange peel
            </td>
          </tr>
          
          <tr valign="top">
            <td width="27%">
              Orange juice, freshly squeezed
            </td>
            
            <td width="15%">
              <p align="center">
                1 cup
              </p>
            </td>
            
            <td width="58%">
              1 cup reconstituted frozen concentrate
            </td>
          </tr>
          
          <tr valign="top">
            <td width="27%">
              Polenta, dry
            </td>
            
            <td width="15%">
              <p align="center">
                1 cup
              </p>
            </td>
            
            <td width="58%">
              1 cup cornmeal -OR- 1 cup maize meal -OR- 1 cup corn grits
            </td>
          </tr>
          
          <tr valign="top">
            <td width="27%">
              Poultry seasoning
            </td>
            
            <td width="15%">
              <p align="center">
                1 tsp
              </p>
            </td>
            
            <td width="58%">
              1/4 tsp ground thyme + 3/4 tsp ground sage
            </td>
          </tr>
          
          <tr valign="top">
            <td width="27%">
              Pumpkin pie spice
            </td>
            
            <td width="15%">
              <p align="center">
                1 tsp
              </p>
            </td>
            
            <td width="58%">
              Mix 1/2 tsp ground cinnamon, 1/4 tsp ground ginger, 1/8 tsp ground allspice and 1/8 tsp ground nutmeg
            </td>
          </tr>
          
          <tr valign="top">
            <td width="27%">
              Raisins
            </td>
            
            <td width="15%">
              <p align="center">
                1 cup
              </p>
            </td>
            
            <td width="58%">
              1 cup dried currants -OR- 1 cup pitted chopped dates -OR- 1 cup dried fruit, finely chopped (cherries, cranberries, blueberries, etc.)
            </td>
          </tr>
          
          <tr valign="top">
            <td width="27%">
              Red pepper sauce
            </td>
            
            <td width="15%">
              <p align="center">
                3 or 4 drops
              </p>
            </td>
            
            <td width="58%">
              1/8 tsp ground red pepper (cayenne)
            </td>
          </tr>
          
          <tr valign="top">
            <td width="27%">
              Ricotta cheese
            </td>
            
            <td width="15%">
              <p align="center">
                1 cup
              </p>
            </td>
            
            <td width="58%">
              1 cup cottage cheese + 1 Tbsp skim milk
            </td>
          </tr>
          
          <tr valign="top">
            <td width="27%">
              Rose Water
            </td>
            
            <td width="15%">
              <p align="center">
                1 tsp
              </p>
            </td>
            
            <td width="58%">
              1 tsp any flower-based water
            </td>
          </tr>
          
          <tr valign="top">
            <td width="27%">
              Rum
            </td>
            
            <td width="15%">
              <p align="center">
                any amount
              </p>
            </td>
            
            <td width="58%">
              1 part rum extract + 3 parts water &#8212; I.e.: for 1/4 cup rum, substitute 1 tbsp rum extract + 3 tbsp water.
            </td>
          </tr>
          
          <tr valign="top">
            <td width="27%">
              Saffron
            </td>
            
            <td width="15%">
              <p align="center">
                1 tsp
              </p>
            </td>
            
            <td width="58%">
              1 tsp tumeric
            </td>
          </tr>
          
          <tr valign="top">
            <td width="27%">
              Sesame seed
            </td>
            
            <td width="15%">
              <p align="center">
                1 tbsp
              </p>
            </td>
            
            <td width="58%">
              1 tbsp finely chopped blanched almonds
            </td>
          </tr>
          
          <tr valign="top">
            <td width="27%">
              Shortening, melted
            </td>
            
            <td width="15%">
              <p align="center">
                1 cup
              </p>
            </td>
            
            <td width="58%">
              1 cup cooking oil
            </td>
          </tr>
          
          <tr valign="top">
            <td width="27%">
              Shortening, solid
            </td>
            
            <td width="15%">
              <p align="center">
                1 cup
              </p>
            </td>
            
            <td width="58%">
              1-1/8 cup butter or margarine (decrease salt in recipe by 1/2 tsp)
            </td>
          </tr>
          
          <tr valign="top">
            <td width="27%">
              Sour cream
            </td>
            
            <td width="15%">
              <p align="center">
                1 cup
              </p>
            </td>
            
            <td width="58%">
              1 cup yogurt -OR- mix together 3/4 cup milk, 3/4 tsp lemon juice and 1/2 cup butter
            </td>
          </tr>
          
          <tr valign="top">
            <td width="27%">
              Soy sauce
            </td>
            
            <td width="15%">
              <p align="center">
                1 tbsp
              </p>
            </td>
            
            <td width="58%">
              1 tbsp teriyaki Sauce
            </td>
          </tr>
          
          <tr valign="top">
            <td width="27%">
              Sugar – brown (packed)
            </td>
            
            <td width="15%">
              <p align="center">
                1 cup
              </p>
            </td>
            
            <td width="58%">
              3/4 cup granulated sugar + 1/4 cup molasses
            </td>
          </tr>
          
          <tr valign="top">
            <td width="27%">
              Sugar – confectioners&#8217; or powdered
            </td>
            
            <td width="15%">
              <p align="center">
                1 cup
              </p>
            </td>
            
            <td width="58%">
              1 cup granulated sugar + 1 tbsp cornstarch &#8212; Process in a food processor using the metal blade attachment until it&#8217;s well blended and powdery.
            </td>
          </tr>
          
          <tr valign="top">
            <td width="27%">
              Sugar – maple (finely grated)
            </td>
            
            <td width="15%">
              <p align="center">
                1/2 cup
              </p>
            </td>
            
            <td width="58%">
              1 cup maple syrup (reduce liquid in recipe by 1/4 cup) -OR- 3/4 cup granulated white sugar + 1 tsp pure maple extract
            </td>
          </tr>
          
          <tr valign="top">
            <td width="27%">
              Sugar (packed)
            </td>
            
            <td width="15%">
              <p align="center">
                1 cup
              </p>
            </td>
            
            <td width="58%">
              1 cup light brown sugar (packed) or 2 cups powdered sugar
            </td>
          </tr>
          
          <tr valign="top">
            <td width="27%">
              Tomato juice
            </td>
            
            <td width="15%">
              <p align="center">
                1 cup
              </p>
            </td>
            
            <td width="58%">
              1/2 cup tomato sauce + 1/2 cup water
            </td>
          </tr>
          
          <tr valign="top">
            <td width="27%">
              Tomato paste
            </td>
            
            <td width="15%">
              <p align="center">
                1/2 cup
              </p>
            </td>
            
            <td width="58%">
              1 cup tomato sauce cooked uncovered to reduce to 1/2 cup
            </td>
          </tr>
          
          <tr valign="top">
            <td width="27%">
              Tomato sauce
            </td>
            
            <td width="15%">
              <p align="center">
                1 cup
              </p>
            </td>
            
            <td width="58%">
              6 tbsp tomato paste and 1/2 water
            </td>
          </tr>
          
          <tr valign="top">
            <td width="27%">
              Tomato soup
            </td>
            
            <td width="15%">
              <p align="center">
                10-3/4 oz can
              </p>
            </td>
            
            <td width="58%">
              1 cup tomato sauce + 1/4 cup water
            </td>
          </tr>
          
          <tr valign="top">
            <td width="27%">
              Tomatoes (canned)
            </td>
            
            <td width="15%">
              <p align="center">
                1 cup
              </p>
            </td>
            
            <td width="58%">
              about 1-1/3 cups cut-up fresh tomatoes, simmered 10 minutes
            </td>
          </tr>
          
          <tr valign="top">
            <td width="27%">
              Treacle
            </td>
            
            <td width="15%">
              <p align="center">
                1 cup
              </p>
            </td>
            
            <td width="58%">
              1 cup light or dark corn syrup -OR- 1 cup light molasses
            </td>
          </tr>
          
          <tr valign="top">
            <td width="27%">
              Vinegar – apple cider
            </td>
            
            <td width="15%">
              <p align="center">
                1/4 cup
              </p>
            </td>
            
            <td width="58%">
              1/4 cup white vinegar
            </td>
          </tr>
          
          <tr valign="top">
            <td width="27%">
              Vinegar – white
            </td>
            
            <td width="15%">
              <p align="center">
                1/4 cup
              </p>
            </td>
            
            <td width="58%">
              1/4 cup apple cider vinegar -OR- 1/3 cup lemon juice
            </td>
          </tr>
          
          <tr valign="top">
            <td width="27%">
              Walnuts – unshelled
            </td>
            
            <td width="15%">
              <p align="center">
                1 lb
              </p>
            </td>
            
            <td width="58%">
              1-1/2 to 1-3/4 cups shelled
            </td>
          </tr>
          
          <tr valign="top">
            <td width="27%">
              Water
            </td>
            
            <td width="15%">
              <p align="center">
                3/4 cup
              </p>
            </td>
            
            <td width="58%">
              1 cup cow&#8217;s milk
            </td>
          </tr>
          
          <tr valign="top">
            <td width="27%">
              Wine – red
            </td>
            
            <td width="15%">
              <p align="center">
                1 cup
              </p>
            </td>
            
            <td width="58%">
              1 cup apple cider, grape juice or cranberry juice
            </td>
          </tr>
          
          <tr valign="top">
            <td width="27%">
              Wine – white
            </td>
            
            <td width="15%">
              <p align="center">
                1 cup
              </p>
            </td>
            
            <td width="58%">
              1 cup apple juice, apple cider, white grape juice or chicken broth
            </td>
          </tr>
          
          <tr valign="top">
            <td width="27%">
              Wine in desserts
            </td>
            
            <td width="15%">
              <p align="center">
                1/2 cup
              </p>
            </td>
            
            <td width="58%">
              1/2 cup fruit juice
            </td>
          </tr>
          
          <tr valign="top">
            <td width="27%">
              Wine in savory recipes
            </td>
            
            <td width="15%">
              <p align="center">
                1/2 cup
              </p>
            </td>
            
            <td width="58%">
              1/2 cup chicken broth
            </td>
          </tr>
          
          <tr valign="top">
            <td width="27%">
              Yeast – compressed
            </td>
            
            <td width="15%">
              <p align="center">
                3/5 oz
              </p>
            </td>
            
            <td width="58%">
              1 package (1/4oz) active dry yeast -OR- 2-1/2 tsp loose active dry yeast
            </td>
          </tr>
          
          <tr valign="top">
            <td width="27%">
              Yeast – regular or quick active dry)
            </td>
            
            <td width="15%">
              <p align="center">
                1 (1/4oz) pkg
              </p>
            </td>
            
            <td width="58%">
              2-1/4 tsp regular or quick active dry -OR- 1 (o.6oz) compressed cake yeast
            </td>
          </tr>
          
          <tr valign="top">
            <td width="27%">
              Yogurt – plain
            </td>
            
            <td width="15%">
              <p align="center">
                1 cup
              </p>
            </td>
            
            <td width="58%">
              1 cup buttermilk -OR- 1 cup sour cream
            </td>
          </tr></tbody> </table>